Фото: Shatokhina Natalia / news.ru / Globallookpress.com
Real-mode programs freely execute CLI and STI to control interrupts, PUSHF and POPF to manipulate flags, INT n for DOS and BIOS calls, and IN/OUT for hardware I/O. In normal protected mode, these instructions are privilege-checked -- they execute normally if the caller has sufficient privilege, and fault otherwise. The 386 can't simply let V86 tasks execute them freely -- a DOS program disabling interrupts would bring down the whole system -- but trapping on every INT 21h call would make V86 impractically slow.
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We deserve a better stream API. So let's talk about what that could look like.
algorithm to calculate an "intermediate PIN" from it. The "intermediate pin"